The therapeutic index is the ratio of the median lethal dose (LD50, the dose that kills 50% of the animals) to the median effective dose (ME50 the dose that produces a therapeutic effect in 50% of the animals).
Large therapeutic index means that there is big difference between the lethal and the effective dose of the drug which indicates that the drug is relatively safe. Drugs with large therapeutic index usually have wide therapeutic range.
However, small therapeutic index means that there is small difference between the lethal and the effective dose of the drug which indicates that the drug is relatively not safe. Drugs with small therapeutic index usually have narrow therapeutic range.