The steady state is the condition when the rate of drug administration is equal to the rate of drug elimination.
When the drug is administered as a constant rate IV infusion, there will be one steady state concentration as long as the rate of administration and the rate of elimination do not change.
When drug administration involves repeated doses, the drug concentration-time profile during each of the dosing intervals ( τ ) will be identical at steady state. This means that the maximum, the minimum, and the average concentrations during each dosing interval will be similar at steady state.
The dosing interval is the period of time between administration of doses.
The half life is the time required for the amount of the drug or the plasma concentration of the drug to decrease by 50%. The half life has units of time.
The half life and the first order elimination rate constant are dependent on the total body clearance and the volume of distribution.
CLT
Vd = k =0.693
t 1/2The half life of a drug is constant within a patient (dose and concentration independent) when the drug elimination process follows first-order kinetics. However different patients may have different half lives for the same drug.
The half life is a very important parameter, because it indicates how fast the drug is eliminated from the body. Drugs with shorter half lives are eliminated faster than those with longer half lives.
The first-order elimination rate constant is the rate constant for the elimination of the drug from the body. The elimination rate constant and the half life are dependent on the total body clearance and the volume of distribution of the drug.
CLT
Vd = k =0.693
t 1/2This rate constant represents drug elimination through all routes of drug elimination such as metabolism, renal excretion, and other routes.
The first-order elimination rate constant has units of time-1.
The semilog graph paper allows plotting the data at logarithmic intervals without doing the actual logarithmic transformation of the numbers.
In order to determine the slope of a line drawn on a semilog graph paper it is necessary to do logarithmic transformation of the y values. The slope of the line in this case will be determined from the following relationship:
log y2 - log y1
x2 - x1The volume of distribution is the apparent volume in which the drug can distribute in. It is the factor that relates the amount of drug in the body to the concentration of the drug in the sampling site. It is not an actual volume, however it is a hypothetical volume determined by the drug distribution behavior.
The volume of distribution ranges from 3-5 liters to more than 25 L/kg. Drugs with higher affinity for tissues, have higher volume of distribution.